Decadal opportunities for space architects

A significant challenge for the new field of space architecture is the dearth of project opportunities. Yet every year more young professionals express interest to enter the field. This paper derives projections that bound the number, type, and range of global development opportunities that may be reasonably expected over the next few decades for human space flight (HSF) systems so those interested in the field can benchmark their goals. Four categories of HSF activity are described: human Exploration of solar system bodies; human Servicing of space-based assets; large-scale development of space Resources; and Breakout of self-sustaining human societies into the solar system. A progressive sequence of capabilities for each category starts with its earliest feasible missions and leads toward its full expression. The four sequences are compared in scale, distance from Earth, and readiness. Scenarios hybridize the most synergistic features from the four sequences for comparison to status quo, government-funded HSF program plans. Finally qualitative, decadal, order-of-magnitude estimates are derived for system development needs, and hence opportunities for space architects. Government investment towards human planetary exploration is the weakest generator of space architecture work. Conversely, the strongest generator is a combination of three market drivers: (1) commercial passenger travel in low Earth orbit; (2) in parallel, government extension of HSF capability to GEO; both followed by (3) scale-up demonstration of end-to-end solar power satellites in GEO. The rich end of this scale affords space architecture opportunities which are more diverse, complex, large-scale, and sociologically challenging than traditional exploration vehicle cabins and habitats.     

ENERGY-SAVING MATCHING STRATEGY AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PUMPING SYSTEM FOR TRUCK-MOUNTED CONCRETE PUMP

Aiming at the high fuel consumption and use-cost of truck-mounted concrete pump , an energy-saving matching strategy of pumping system is presented and the experimental study is conducted.Since pumping system occupies most resources of engine , the matching strategy between engine and main pump is analyzed to meet the load demand and reduce the engine rational speed drop.The testing method is established to measure the fuel consumption of engine under various working conditions , and the experimental data are analyzed to find the law of the fuel consumption of engine.The system performance can be improved by adjusting the system input value.Finally , the energy-saving matching strategy is established to reduce the fuel consumption of truck for unit workload , which provides a new approach for the energy-saving of truck-mounted concrete pump.     

涡轮流量计前导流件有限元计算分析

对涡轮流量计关键部件之一前导流件运用NX THERMAL/FLOW进行有限元计算分析,得出流量分离导致的大涡旋尾迹区易出现在前导流件尾部区域、前导流件叶片形状对此处流体速度变化具有较大影响的结论,为涡轮流量计和前导流件的设计提供了理论依据。     

开关磁阻电机及控制系统仿真与建模

开关磁阻电机(SRM)应用广泛,但由于电机内部磁场的非线性和相电流难以解析等问题,因此高精确度的建模和仿真较为困难。电机及驱动系统建模的研究直接影响到电机的优化设计、动静态性能分析、控制策略的评估等。为此,介绍了一种SRM及控制系统的建模方法,利用Flux有限元软件搭建的电机本体模型与MATLAB搭建的控制系统进行联合仿真。通过试验,测得电机在不同运行状态下的电流波形,并与仿真结果比较。结果表明:不同控制方式下的电流波形与仿真结果一致,是一种行之有效的建模手段。     

短距起飞/垂直降落发动机建模技术研究

参考常规双轴涡扇发动机数学模型,建立了适用于短距起飞/垂直降落(STOVL)飞机的变循环发动机部件级数学模型;通过特性外推,建立了轴驱动升力风扇数学模型;采用神经网络映射涵道总压损失的方法,建立了滚转喷管和外涵模型.根据STOVL发动机结构和部件变化特点,建立了稳态和动态共同工作方程.参照国外文献仿真数据进行设计点计算,并按照Bevilaqua提出方法开展了由常规涡轮风扇模式到悬停涡轮轴模式的过渡态仿真.仿真结果表明:建立的数学模型在悬停状态设计点和高空巡航点与国外文献数据相比误差均小于1.5%,推力达到悬停状态要求,符合STOVL发动机的设计特点,验证了该建模方法的有效性.      

行星探测车连杆式差动平衡机构设计及运动学分析

根据行星探测车移动系统连接车体与左右两侧悬架的支撑机构的设计要求,提出一种对称的空间连杆式差动平衡机构,合理的空间布置、较大的摇臂摆角范围和良好的线平均性使其在移动系统中的运用取得较好效果。首先分析了机构的输入输出关系,给出车体与摇臂位姿关系的表达式。然后运用旋转变换的方法建立该差动平衡机构车体与左右摇臂的俯仰角位移方程。再运用Pro/Mechanism仿真校验理论模型的正确性,并运用校验后的理论模型分析部分参数对该差动平衡机构摇臂摆角范围和线性均化特性的影响,求解球铰连杆上下球面副相对主平面和在主平面内的转角范围,为机构的结构设计和装配提供了依据。最后展示了该机构在6轮导杆联动式悬架上的应用。     

中国低价出口的成因分析

由于我国土地、资本以及劳动力要素价格本身较低,而企业承担的社会责任也较少,导致生产成本低廉,这是中国出口商品价格低廉的首要因素。同时,国内市场上产能过剩、进入壁垒较低等因素导致产业竞争加剧,企业被动寻求外销渠道。中国企业在研发能力、品牌以及国际化经营能力等核心竞争力方面的弱势,使得产品处在全球价值链末端,附加值较低,面对国际市场上同质产品的激烈竞争只能采用低价竞争策略。低价出口造成中国贸易条件的不断恶化及贫困化增长的不正常现象,因此,今后中国应加快经济增长方式的转变,实现对外贸易的持续发展。     

基于BDS-2/BDS-3联合处理的北斗超快速钟差预报优化策略

针对北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)钟差预报产品无法满足高精度快速服务需求的现状，提出了一种基于BDS-2/BDS-3联合估计的超快速卫星钟差预报优化策略。区别于传统两步法预报模型，利用稀疏建模方法一步求解所有模型项，并通过BDS-2/BDS-3星间相关性实现了模型系数解的增强；为进一步降低模型残差的影响，基于残差序列时空相关性，利用半变异函数重构了模型估计的权阵。为验证提出的钟差预报模型，设计了12套对比方案，实验结果表明：基于稀疏建模的钟差模型参数一步估计可略微提高钟差预报精度；通过引入星间相关性对随机模型进行精化，钟差序列一步建模可分别将BDS-2与BDS-3卫星钟差18h预报精度提升28.6%与27.2%；基于半变异函数建模的模型残差相关性提取，可实现BDS-2与BDS-3预报钟差精度8.0%与11.1%的提升。因此，提出的优化策略对当前北斗超快速卫星钟差预报产品精化具有重要意义。     

三维五向编织复合材料的冲击压缩特性及破坏机制

利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)实验系统和高速摄像技术对三维五向碳/环氧编织复合材料的动态压缩特性进行研究。通过对编织角为22.3°的试样分别进行沿纵向和横向方向的冲击压缩实验,得到材料在200~1200 s^-1应变率范围内的应力应变曲线,并结合高速摄像记录的动态压缩过程,对不同应变率下材料在高速变形下的渐进破坏规律进行分析。同时,综合试样的宏观破坏特征和微观断口形貌特征,进一步分析材料的破坏模式及破坏机理。结果表明:随着应变率的增加,材料在纵向和横向均具有一定的应变率强化效应,在横向方向的应变率强化效应更为显著;不同加载方向下材料的渐进破坏过程、应力应变曲线特征以及破坏方式均具有明显差异,且随着应变率的增加而发生改变。     

Selenodetic experiments of SELENE: Relay subsatellite,differential VLBI,and laser altimeter

Since 1960s, the gravitational potential of the Moon has been extensively studied from Doppler tracking data between a ground station and spacecraft orbiting in front of the Moon (e. g., Lorell and Sjogren, 1968; Bills and Ferrari, 1980; Konopliv et al., 1993; Lemoine et al., 1997). Because direct radio communication is interrupted while spacecraft is orbiting behind the Moon, however, the coverage of tracking data has been limited mostly to the nearside of the Moon so far. In order to compensate for such lack of tracking data, we propose satellite-to-satellite Doppler measurement by using a relay subsatellite in Japanese mission to the Moon in 2003. A complete coverage of Doppler tracking from an orbiter at sufficiently low altitude will significantly improve lunar gravity model and will contribute for future geophysical study of interior and tectonics on the Moon. Further, we propose differential VLBI experiment between the subsatellite and a propulsion module landed on the surface of the Moon. The differential VLBI is about 10 times more accurate than conventional Doppler measurement for long-wavelength gravity field. Besides, differential VLBI is sensitive to the displacement perpendicular to the line of sight. Thus the VLBI experiment provides precise estimates of the lunar gravity potential at low degree. The last proposal for selenodetic experiments is a laser altimeter. Global topography model has been already developed from the analysis of Clementine LIDAR data (Zuber et al., 1994), but it is suggested that the model includes appreciable anisotropy between NS and E-W directions due to highly eccentric orbit of Clementine spacecraft (Bills and Lemoine, 1995). The laser altimeter experiment from an orbiter in nearly circular orbit will provide a new reference for the isotropic lunar topography model.